Det är ganska signifikativt att vi har personer här i Sverige som är mer extrema än de värsta historieförfalskarna under Sovjetkommunismen. Kultursnubbe, du kan nu ansluta dig till kretsen av de historieförfalskare som Wladyslaw Duczko berättar om - Enjoy! (Det var ett fasligt jobb med den här texten - fick skriva in allt för hand, men vad gör man inte för sanningen
)
Så här skriver arkeologen och historikern Wladyslaw Duczko om ryska nationalistiska historikers (och
kultursnubbens) försök att förneka att Rus är Svear:
Boken går att köpa för ca 1400 kr, så kultursnubben får spara veckopengen några år tills han får råd
http://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXS ... q#PPA24,M1
Sidorna 21-24.
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Generally scholars accepted the information that the Rhos were Swedes as a very clear statement. For many others it was possible to deny the truth of this information when they decided once and for all to see the Rus as a people of Slav origin. During three hundred years many (predominantly Russian) scholars, have tried to convince themselves and others (
kultursnubben) that that the idea that the Rus were originally Northmen was a fantasy, and a very bad one, as it was not possible to accept Germanic strangers as the creators of a Russian state: A Slav state, by definition, could be created only by Slavs. Once the thesis about the Norse origin of the word Rus was repudiated, there was no end to the attempts to find an alternative explanation. One of the earliest expressions of this attitude was the idea that the Varangians were western Slavs from the Baltic coast. In 1749, the great scientist Mikhail V. Lomonosov became an enthusiastic adherent of this thesis, being deeply offended by Gerhard Müller, the German historian from the Imperial Russian Academy, who claimed Scandinavian, especially Swedish superiority over Slav primitvism. Ha was folowed by many others (
kultursnubben); at the end of the nineteenth century the most influential was S. Gedeonov, who claimed that the invited Varangian princess were Slavs. There were also some attempts to indentify the island of Rügia in the western Baltic as the place of origin of these Rus - only because because of some similarity of the name. In later time, in accordance with all those ideas which tried to find Rus' roots outside Eastern Europe, was a hypothesis formulated by Omeljan Pritsak who claimed that the Rus originated from merchants living in the town of Rodez in south France, and that the thnonym itself was derived from , otherwise not recorded, Celto-Roman
Ruteni. Like some other bold hypothesis of this scholar, this one too has been refuted.
Scholars disliking the idea of a western Slavic origins of the Rus, but still refusing to accept their Scandinavian pedigree, turned their attention to the south of Russia, to the forrest-steppe zone, where one of the numerous Slav tribers -
Poliane - was found more suitable than some foreign for the role of the creator of the Rus state. Toponyms and the names of tribes and people from different times, all with the root Rus/Ros, were offered as evidence for the ancient and autochthonous ancestry of the name Rus. The thesis of the autochthonous was built on disparate sources, practically none of real value. In the search of etymologically suitable names were involved names of the rivers, such as the Ros, tributar of the Dnieper, Rusa, tributary of the Seim, the Rsha in the Cherinigov area, or even Rha - the ancient name of Volga. Among the names of various ancient peoples were an Iranian tribe of Roxolani from the beginnings of the of first millenium A.D., the Rosomoni, a Germanic unit from the third century A.D. In Pontia, or the Hros living north of Caucasus and mentioned in a Syrian source from the sixth century A.D. In this desparate search, attentionwas given to Etruscans in Italy and even "prince" Rosh from the biblical prophet Ezekiel.
The majority of the written sources pertaining to the Rus clearly distinguish them from the Slavs. No oriental source ever equates the Rus and the Slavs, on the contrary, they are very careful to keep them apart as two different kinds of people. The only exception is a source, originating one generation after the mission of the Rhos, the work of Uibadallah ibn Khuradbeh, director of Posts and intelligence in the Baghdad Caliphate. In his Kitab Al Masalik Wa "L-Mamalik" - The Book of Roads and Kingdoms, probably written in the late 840s, he mentions the ar-Rus as:
... a tribe from among the as-Saqaliba. They bring furs of beavers and of black foxes and swords from the most distant parts of the Saqaliba [land] to the sea of Rum [where] the ruler of ar-Rumlevies tithes on them. If they want, they travel on the Itil, the river of the as-Saqaliba and pass through Kamlij, town of the Khazars [where] the ruler of it levies tithes on them. They then arrive at the sea of Gurjan and they land on the shore of it which they choose. On occasion they bring their merchandise on camels from Gurjan to Baghdad [where] as- Saqqliba cunucks serve them as interpreters. They claim to be christians and pay [only] head tax.
This account has always been used by many scholars as an excelent source testifying in the most clear way the Slav origin of the Rus. Matters are, as has been emphasized many times, not so simple. The attribution to the Slavs may be explained that the author was employing a term without sharp ethnic connotation, in the same manner the word as-Saqaliba was generally utilised by Islamic authors when depicting not only Slavs but all people of fair complexion and hair, or sometimes all inhabitats of Eastern Europe. About eighty years later, an Arab diplomat ibn Fadlan calls the Volga Bulgars as-Saqaliba, though these people were certainly not Slavs. The information give by ibn-Khurrdadbeh that the Rus were trading in Baghdad could use Slav eunuchs as interpreters is also of dubious value, it is well-known that the majority of slaves traded by the Rus were Slavs, and the Rus being in constant contact with their living merchandise could have learnt their language.
The account has been recognised by some scholars as a later interpolation, which does not neccesary need to be the case, the book of ibn-Khurrdadbeh has not survived as the original work but in late, careleddly made copies.
The search for the origianl Rus' was generally a pure linguistic activity. In this special position was occupied by Danish linguist Wilhelm Thomsen. His book "The relation between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia and the Origin of the Russian state", published 1877, contained little original thinking of the author but was instead a very efficient presentation of all the known sources - Latin, Oriental, runic inscriptions-as evidence of the Norse origin of the Rus. In this most influential book, Thomsen offrered a detailed analysis of a theory based on older assumptions, first forwarded 1744 by J. Thunmann, that the name of Russia was not Slavic but originated from a Finnish denomination of Sweden -
Ruotsi. By stressing the general use of this word in all west-finnish languages: Estonian-Roots, Vodish-Rotsi, Livish-Ruot's, Karelian-Rotsi, Thomsen could secure the base of the thesis in the linguistic environment of the region. After this work, the detailed analysis of this issue was conducted almost continually.
The names of the Swedes recieved in Ingelheim - Rhos - is understood as a Latin form of the Greek word Ros. The chronicler
Prudentius was using official documents, among them the letter from the emperor Theophilus, where he found the strange name of Svear and wrote is as it was in his Latin text. The word Rhos-Ros is equal to the term ar-Rus of the Arab sources, and the name of the first state of the eastern Slavs, the Kievan state.
In the beginning, before the Viking Age, certainly in the early eighth-century, the term was employed as a self-denomination by the Scandinavians, mainly Svear, arriving in those parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Finish tribes. The original word in old Norse, was the verb
róa, to row, and later its derivatives like
roðR, meaning both the action of rowing and the sea expedition and its members which derived old Finnish
rotsi from compounds in old Scandinavian - roþ(r)smenn. By simplification the Finnish -ts- became -s-thus eventually creating the universally user word
rus.
So the self-name of the migrant Scandinavians, the rowers, the crew of a boat, oarsmen - roðsmenn - became accepted sometime during the eighth century as an ethnicon by the Finnsih people, and which eventually, through their mediation, reached Slavs and Turks of Eastern Europe, the world of Eastern Islam and the Greeks of Byzantium. The original word describing the profession of the groups of the Northmen turned eventually - as a result of a long process of socialisation and politicisation - to the name of a state and people of the eastern Slavs. After many heated disputes, the etmology of the word Rus seems to have been settled. The favourite hypothesis about word´s western or southern origin cherished by generations of Slav scholars is now mostly abandoned. There is a general consensus among scholars accepting deriving name
Rus from a term of Norse-Finnish origin. Thus, we could obtain from the account of Prudentius the information that people of Swedish origin were part of an organization members of which were calling themselves Rus (Rhos). This leads us to the next piece of information, that about their ruler.
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